Blackbird Turdus merula   [Linnaeus, 1758]

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   Page updated:16-January-2013

Order: Passeriformes Family: Turdidae
BTO Codes: B., BLABI EURING No: 11870
Number in Britain: 4.6 million territories (Summer)
Conservation Status:
UK: GREEN
European: Not a species of concern
Global: (Details)
Links to: Images   Videos   Sound  
Tips on  Identification
Status in UK: (A)  Migrant/Resident Breeder, Passage/Winter Visitor
Subspecies: merula recorded in Britain (of 16 subsp. in the world)
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Length: 24 cm Wingspan: 36 cm Weight: M/F: 100 g    
Scientific name from: L.: turdus=a thrush and L.: merula=the blackbird
World Distribution: Europe & w Asia, INTRODUCED: Australia
Habitat: Woodland, scrub, towns
Diet: Mainly insects and earthworms, also fruit, mostly from ground
TitBit: Originally woodland birds, the Blackbird is a partial migrant, with individuals migrating different distances; one colour-ringed Blackbird that breeds in a garden in Norfolk makes it way to an almost identical garden in Devon every winter.  

Population and Distribution

Population Trend: BirdTrends   
Regional Trends: Scotland   Wales   England   English Regions
Distribution: Atlas Maps    BBS Maps
British Population Size:
    Summer: 4.6 million territories in 2000
    First Record: Recorded in Anglo-Saxon times
    Conservation Status: GREEN
   Previous Assessments: 2002-2007 GREEN     1996-2001 AMBER  
   Races of Concern: merula GREEN
Habitat Occupancy (in the Breeding Season):
    Most frequent in: Villages, Towns
    Also common in: Scrub, Arable Farmland, Pasture Farmland, Deciduous Wood
    And found in: Coniferous Wood
Relative Frequency in Each Habitat:
Migration routes: Map of foreign ringing recoveries  and summary map from Time to Fly (in pop-up windows)
European Population Size:
    Summer: 38 to 79 million pairs   (Trend in Numbers)
Population Assesment from Birds in Europe
Distribution in Europe mapped by the EBCC Atlas
Listed on the Appendices/Schedules of: WCA(III), WBD(II*), Bern(III), Bonn(II)
Survey Results: Results from BirdTrack
Results from Garden BirdWatch

Breeding and Survival

Egg Size: 29 x 21 mm Egg Weight: 7.2 g (of which 6 % is shell)
Number of Nest Records: 1544
Clutch Size: 3 - 4 eggs 3.86 ± 0.75 (2 - 7) N = 3254
Incubation: 13- 14 days 12.97 ± 1.34 (10.5 - 15.5) N = 3254   by the: Female
Fledging: 14 - 16days 14.64 ± 1.54 (12 - 17) N = 3892 as: Altricial, downy
Source:
British Trust for Ornithology (2005) Nest Record Scheme data
First Clutches Laid: 22 Apr (22 Mar - 14 Jun)
Number of Broods: 2-3(5)
See trends in Breeding Productivity
Number Ringed: Annual Totals
Adult Survival: 0.650 ± 0.003    (M:0.670 ± 0.006; F:0.655 ± 0.007)      
Juvenile Survival: 0.564 (in First-Year)  
Age at First Breeding: 1 year Typical Lifespan: 3 years
Maximum Recorded Age: 14 years 2 months 1 days (set in 1951)
Read a summary of Ringing Recoveries

Biometrics

Ring Size: C
Wing Length Adult: 130.9 ± 4.4     Range 110.0 - 151.0 mm, (N = 81803)
Juvenile: 128.8 ± 3.9     Range 109.0 - 150.0 mm, (N = 125929)
Male: 132.9 ± 3.9     Range 110.0 - 151.0 mm, (N = 42493)
Female: 128.6 ± 3.8     Range 110.0 - 149.0 mm, (N = 39130)
Weight Adult: 101.8 ± 12.09 Range 59.60 - 141.2 g , (N =65475)
Juvenile: 94.9 ± 8.0 Range 57.6 - 140.0 . , (N =107154)
Male: 102.5 ± 12.56 Range 62.00 - 141.2 g , (N =33791)
Female: 101.0 ± 11.54 Range 59.60 - 141.2 g , (N =31528)
Seasonal: Summer 95.14 ± 6.67 (N = 31196)   Autumn 97.64 ± 7.91 (N = 29136)   Winter 106.9 ± 10.96 (N = 82428)  
Source: British Trust for Ornithology (2005) Ringing Scheme data

Other Names

Common Blackbird
Gaelic: Lòn-dubh Welsh: Mwyalchen
Danish: Solsort Dutch: Merel
Finnish: Mustarastas French: Merle noir
German: Amsel Hungarian: Feketerigó
Icelandic: Svartþröstur Irish: Lon Dubh
Italian: Merlo Norwegian: Svarttrost
Polish: Kos Portuguese: Merlo-preto
Spanish: Mirlo común Swedish: Koltrast

For More Information...

Books and Monographs:
   Snow, D.W. 1958 A study of blackbirds George Allen Unwin Ltd, London [598.911 SNO]
   Snow, D.W. 1987 The Blackbird Shire Publications, Princes Risborough [Jour: S]
   Hillstead, A.F.C. 1945 The Blackbird Faber & Faber, London [598.911 HIL]
See Also:
Find scientific papers on Google Scholar or Scirus by clicking the icon
Wikipedia entry
BirdLife species page
Recent sightings and information from BirdGuides
Read State of the Nations Birds by Chris Mead